Harriet Jacobs’ Fight Against Intolerance - 713 Words

â€Å"My master had power and low on his side; I had determined will. There is might in each† a statement from Harriet Ann Jacobs reflecting her will to overcome the standards of society (97). Harriet Jacobs’ life revolved around slavery from birth to death. Jacobs was a mother of two with determination and insight to make choices to change the way of life for her children. Harriet Jacobs was the first African American women to have her slave narrative published retelling her life story exposing the years she spent escaping slavery and the latter helping others escape (Andrews 2). The African American race experienced much intolerance, especially the women, but Harriet fought back and never gave up. Harriet, born in the fall of 1813 in North Carolina, spent all of her early life in slave hood. She did not fully realize that she was a slave until she was six and her first owner, Margret Horniblow, passed away and she was given to her niece Mary Matilda Norcom (Jacobs 11). This was when her true struggle began because Mary was not old enough to own Harriet so Mary’s father Dr. James Norcom became Harriet’s de facto master. Dr. Norcom sexually abused Harriet and this information remained secret until much later in Harriet’s life (Andrews 1). Harriet had two children, a boy named Joseph and a girl named Louisa, by a white attorney named Samuel Tredwell Sawyer (Smith 144). When Harriet was twenty she could no longer take the abuse from Dr. Norcom so sheShow MoreRelatedBoyer Dbq Teacher Guide10764 Words   |  44 PagesAmerican history at earlier grade levels, students often have in mind the idea that unfair taxation and trade restrictions caused English colonists to declare their independence. This DBQ asks them to consider such economic factors and weigh them against an array of other possibilities, some of which are suggested in the question. Students must consider factors and provide a rationale for which of these sets of ideas is of greater importance. Once again, the results of students’ analyses will differRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesMary Langstons life, she treasured Lewiss bullet-riddled shawl, an emblem of his martyrdom. She often covered young Langston with it as he slept on her daybed. Mary Langstons first husband, Lewis Leary, had participated in John Browns raid against the U.S. arsenal at Harpers Ferry. (Library of Congress) In 1869, Grandmother Mary had married Charles Langston, the son of a white plantation owner and a slave. In 1888, Mary and Charles Langston moved to Lawrence with their children, CarrieRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmarathons. Some experience in Germany and Japan. Considered a hard-driving manager with a constant focus on the task at hand. Will be the first person to show up every morning. Group #3: William Chen, 31-year-old male of Chinese descent, married (Harriet), two young children from his first marriage. Enjoys tennis and is quite good at it. A rising star in the company, he is highly respected by his peers as a â€Å"man of action† and a good friend. Group #4: Leo Jones, 36-year-old white male, married (Janet)Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pageslu.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To our grandchildren Annika, Jacob, Katherine, Madison, Magnus, and Molly Contents Illustrations . . . . . Preface . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments . The Web Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

How Different Approaches and Power of Leadership Manage Organizational Stress Free Essays

Affiliative leadership style is ineffective in complex challenges of an organization. As affiliative leadership refers to team building when a department re-organizes itself then no co-ordination in new members exists. Transformational leadership approach that causes change in individuals and social systems in organizational already working projects. We will write a custom essay sample on How Different Approaches and Power of Leadership Manage Organizational Stress? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Which consequence on management to reorganize the already done work that causes frustration and lack of compatibility in employees which in case increase stress in management. Negative leadership style of a manager can lead to low measures of organizational commitment of sub ordinates in their unorganized reports. Employees working under coercive managers are unlikely to be committed, and more likely to resist the manager, cause turnover of employees. When managers low consideration is given to organizational variables that influence the nature and impact of leadership. Management is effected by both internal and external factors . Internal factors conflicts, non-specific fears, fears of inadequacy, critical environment and diversification. External factors competition and threats . These factors effect the working environment, profitability, motivation of employees and organizational culture. Literature Review According to Erkutlu and chafra (2006) Bases of leader power and subordinate’s job stress are significantly related with each other. This literature suggest that individuals having power at various levels enforce job stress in hospitality industry. According to de Jong and hartog (2007) Among all 13 leadership behaviours one is so crucial and got little bit noticed from researchers. Leaders through idea generation and delebrate actions are fullfilng their duty by motivating employee’s innovative behaviour. In leading positions a connection seems between power and famininity which is different from that of western literature on leadership. So that sometimes females took advantage of their power in a negative way (Quader oplatka 2008). With an international CEO and other significant’s interview, a distinct experience is extracted that shows no-one get relieve on the basis of gender discrimination (kakabadse, kakabadse, lee-davies 2007). Result of this article shows that there are some common as well as different elements in both of the leaders. One consider himself that he can understand the learning problems and the other one about the teaching duties (Zhong ehrich 2010). According to Hetzler and sebastian (2010)To enforce individuals to make unbiased decisions different changes have been made in procedures, structure and technology. A such enviornment is groomed in which humans and machines can interact with each other for better decision making. According to Fennel and Hope-Arlene (1999) This research gives a number of examples including: Organizationz in which power was given to women leaders, their will power to run school organizations and experience of those who work with them. To implement the ethics plan successfully it is necessary thet those plans must be practiced by organization’s stakeholders firstly. In an organization, to make certainity of ethics, strong planning is compulsory (Belak, duh, mulej, strukelj 2010). System models were used to remove the hurdles, in an organization, towards its assessment. It is found that if more appropriate system models will use it will lead organization to superior results (Ambrozm derencin 2010). The article shows that in market place the main logic of business is to have a good start-up of business and it will go on for long time. If more risk factor is involved it will result in higher profit. Boundries must be carefully chosen for the protection of core capital (Wasilewski Michal 2010). According to Smith, Bruyns and Evans (2011) quantitative analysis of the stories to recognize many project managers’ optimism discussion that powerfuly effect IT project success. Futhermore, it was decided that IT project success was both positively and negatively effect stress. To improve the possibility of project success it was decided that IT project managers should have positive and based on reality level of optimism based on a highly approved project plan. While the project team should anticipate and willingly accept stress during the project , this shoul be carefully managed. As stress-related health-cost is more and more importance is attached on decreasing stress. Industries has identified the benefits of minimizing stress through increased productivity and decreased health-care costs. As worldwide competition increases , corporations who can teach their workers how to manage and control stress in positive side may well have find a strategic benefits (B. Donovan H. Kleiner 1994). The conclusion of structural equation a example to disclose the following; job stress is the preceding of frustration, while frustration can to greater extent anticipate physiological stress for C-PMs; job stress is negatively connected only o their task performance; both frustration and physiological stress are negatively connected to their organizational proceedings; task performance goes positively to their interpersonal performance. Recommendations are given based on conclusions to increase their stress and performance level (Leung, Chan, Dongyu 2011). According to Hede ( 2010) eliminate stress techniques are accepted for use by manager’s in practice to k eep away from emotional reactivity and to manage stress. The TIME scale has five factors, and each has generaly approved internal firmness and test-retest accuracy. Time scale factors results were negatively connected with both turnover purpose and stress (Burt, et al 2010). According to Coffey, Dugdill and Tattersall ( 2009) Key Obstacle include major changes taking place within the organizations; staff are doubtful to management and showing doubt. deficiency of resources and difficulties in translating findings into actions. Key factors important for success includes: strong involvement from senior management, staff participation, realistic expectations,fullfilment of duties and time frames. According to Fevre, S. Kolt and Matheny (2006) There is little experiment to prove or disprove something on which organization based stress management interventions as first approaches. Secondary, individual-focused approaches be employed prior to the introduction of primary methodologies within a client organization. According to Donaldson-Feilde, Yarker and Lewis (2008) The manner of behaving or acting to recognize or establish as being a particular pers on or thing were grouped into a subject of discourse to create a framework of 19 management ‘‘competencies’’ for keep from occurring and minimizing stress at work. Level of recognize frustration is related to degree of recognize and understand stress and degree of to become aware stress is related to type of leadership employed by managers (S. Gill, B. Flaschner Shachar 2006). It come forth into view or notices that individuals to change their ability to manage stress. Self perception, locus of control, behavioral designs or Styles and flexibility or inflexible and strict, all influence on stress management abilities (Treven Potocan 2005). According to Yu and Miller (2005) In manufacturing industry the generational groups have different characteristics of work and require different styles of leadership and it is shown by research but in education sector there was no difference of work and style of generational group. The effects of these two types task –oriented and socio-emotional leadership is shown by this finding that the follower satisfied with this. To find interaction the product term method is used . interaction between pressure and support was nonsignificant (Casimir Keith Ng 2010). According to Rohmann and Rowold (2009) Female leaders have more transformational behavior than male leaders and it is shown in four samples. Furthermore, female leaders were more effective and more satisfied than their counterparts. In the team and organization leadership style whether it is transformational , transactional or ambidextrous act as a strategic resource that has an operational effect in the learning development (Bucic, Robinson, Ramburuth 2010). There is a misalignment in performance of organization due to the problem of climate and leadership style . t supports the third hypotheses partially and fully supports the fourth hypotheses (Haakonsson, Burton, Obel, Lauridsen 2008). According to Awan and Mahmood (2010) The Professionals were not sensitive about the relationship of these three variables. A majority of professionals considered that there chief librarians had an autocratic leadership style, and they adopt bureaucratic culture and these are committed with their organizations and it shows that they are in the favor of result oriented culture. In public sector there is a tension between two aspects one is to revolution in bureaucracies because of improvements, innovation and high flexibility. And other is to maintain standards and procedures for better quality services. This study shows change in leadership style and organizational change (James, 2005). Employees’ job satisfaction depends upon the leadership style of managers. Nevertheless, participative management is not always a good management style. Managers should select the best leadership style according to the organizational culture and employees’ organizational maturity (Mosadegh Rad Yarmohammadian, 2006). It is a path that provides support for some hypotheses. Strength of relationship between the leadership vision and two dimensions of organizational structure are effect due to predicted mediations. NFP’s scored higher on socially responsible culture orientation than FPs, while FPs scored higher on competitive culture orientation (Sarros, Cooper, Santora, 2011). According toTabassi and Abu Bakar (2010)This research shows about leaders ‘different qualities and style such as leaders’ orientation with people, about their ask in effective way and their qualities which helps juniors to become efficient leader by going with their own decisions and work with employees empowerment. From the above literature review understand hypotheses were derived to analyze How Different approaches and power of Leadership Manage Organizational Stress? H1: Strong positive association of leadership style with stress management. H2: Strong positive association of leadership power with stre ss management. H0: No strong positive association of leadership style with stress management. H0: No strong positive association of leadership POWER with stress management. How to cite How Different Approaches and Power of Leadership Manage Organizational Stress?, Papers

Cyonara Snowfox Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation

Question: Discuss about the Cyonara Snowfox Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation. Answer: Introduction: The current report considers the long and expensive history concerning the GST. The study considers the Cyonara Snowfox Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation 2012 FCAFC 177 where the federal court of Australia unanimously terminated the taxpayers petitions arising from the verdict of the tribunal (Tang 2015). The tribunal held its decision concerning the number of sales of real property; The taxpayer was unable to select the margin scheme The taxpayer failed to establish that the supply made was free of GST in the form of going concern The commissioner was barred from recovering the GST since it failed to issue a legitimate notice under section 105-50 of schedule 1 of the TAA. Facts: The proceeding primarily dealt with GST treatment for the disposal of certain lots for the development of the property conducted by the taxpayer. The land was purchased by the taxpayer during 1977, which was further subdivided for sale. This includes; Lot 1 was sold with a selling price of $1.5 million. No agreement of sale was produced during settlement and the amount of $1,655,981 paid for settlement took place in 16 September 2004. This included an amount of $150,534 towards GST. The taxpayer did not account for GST on this sale in its statement (Woellner et al. 2016). Upon audit the commissioner issued an assessment and increased the GST by $150,543 to impose GST on the sale of first lot. Additionally, the commissioner also laid down the penalties of 50% for being irresponsible, which was remitted down to 20%. The taxpayer further sold other plot of land where GST was payable by the taxpayer. During the month of October 2005 a sale of 3.7 million was made and subjected to the condition that the taxpayer would have a two-year lease over the property beginning from 7th December 2005. However, the purchaser became registered for GST on 1st January 2006. It was found that the tax payer issued an invoice of tax to the purchaser ref lecting GST payable of $370,299 since the commissioner turned down the tax payer claim that the supply made was free of GST in the form of going concern. The commissioner imposed a penalty of 25%, which was remitted in full. The proceeding also concerned an acquisition of property lot 202 during December 2005 for a sum of $3.4 million for which the settlement took place on 23 December 2005. On march 21 2007 the taxpayer lodged a BAS for February 2007 where it made a claim of input tax credit of $3.4 million (Liu, Huang and Freudenberg 2014). It was found that the commissioner reduced the input tax credit to zero based on the condition that the taxpayer did not accepted that he was entitled to claim the credits. Case analysis: Upon the analysis of this case, three substantial matters were introduced before the tribunal. These are as follows; It raises a question whether the taxpayer was entitled to make use of the margin scheme for sale of lots 1 and 9 (Yong and Ma 2015). The taxpayer made the choice after the elapse of two years time on the amount of GST payable for supply made on the purchase price with 10% GST. It also raises question whether the taxpayer had discharged its obligation of illustrating that the sale of Lot 8 was free from GST in order to represent the supply of going concern. Whether the commissioner was entitled to recover the unpaid amount of GST under the operation of section 105-50 of Schedule 1 of the TAA. It was contented by the taxpayer that the GST had ceased to be payable since the commissioner had failed to provide Cyonara a notice requiring it to pay GST (May 2016). Prior to the tribunal the commissioner conceded that the taxpayer was entitled to input tax credit on acquiring the lot of 202. The option of using margin scheme: Primarily, it should be noted that the Division 75 was modified to give effect that the parties must agree in writing prior to the supply made to make use of the margin scheme. The issue raised in the preceding was concerned with the provision in force before that time (Nguyen 2016). This allowed the supplier to select from the margin scheme in working out the sum of GST payable on the supply made. The taxpayer contented that the tribunal can choose to apply the margin scheme while working out the sum of GST on the supply made. However, it should be construed in such a manner that the taxpayer retains the choice of margin scheme until GST is finally worked out. The tribunal further contributed that the scheme of GST Act states the supplier to ordinarily work out the amount of GST while making any taxable supply (Ramli et al. 2015). The option of executing the option scheme must be made prior to any supply is made. The issue of going concern: The tribunal laid down that the tax payer was unsuccessful in establishing the facts since each of the integers required under section 38-325 of the act to be GST free for a going concern. The taxpayer contented that the lot 8, which was partitioned into three units, was earlier leased to entities, hence they subsequently failed to pay on lease. No evidence of such failure was put before the tribunal of the lease being register whereas only one of the three purported leases was used as evidence. Oral evidence was provided on behalf of the tax payer though the commissioner overruled by stating that this did not discharge the taxpayers burden off demonstrating whether it was carrying on a lease enterprise before the sale of lot 8. As stated under Jones v Dunkel (1959) the commissioner contented that the taxpayer failed to produce any witness and the tribunal should infer such evidence would hardly assist the taxpayer (Nguyen 2016). The tribunal further laid down that such inference sho uld be drawn due to the absence of witness and most significantly critical documents. The tribunal also found that it was not satisfied that the taxpayer was carrying on a leasing enterprise during any time before the day of supply. The tribunal identified that the taxpayer on numerous occasions attempted to obtain a tenant to obtain a lease. However, it was not stated by Cyonara that the enterprise of leasing could be carried on by simply seeking to obtain a tenant. The issue of limitation: The tribunal dealt with the issue of limitation in the form of preliminary question under section 137 of AATA. The taxpayer contented that the commissioner failed to provide the taxpayer with the notice under section 105-50 within years of GST being payable. Furthermore the commissioners notice of assessment did not construed as notice under section 105-05 of the Schedule 1 of the TAA which lays down that the liability to pay GST does not depends or is effected by the making of the assessment (Millar 2014). The tribunal turned down contention and discovered that the notice of assessment was considered in the form of notice under section 105-50. Upon substantial hearing, the applicant further raised an additional contention. The commissioner conceded that the taxpayer was entitled to input tax credit on acquiring the lot 202 and the notice of assessment reflected an amount was payable, which the taxpayer incorrectly inflated with the sum of those credits. The notice of assessment was considered as incapable of being called as notice within the purpose of section 105-50 of the schedule 1 of the TAA. Hence, it could not be regarded as valid notice since it failed to acquire payment of the right amount (Millar 2014). The tribunal turned down the taxpayers assertion and remained depended upon the principles derived from Walsh v Deputy of Commissioner of Taxation v McVardle 2004. The objective of the notice is to inform the recipient of the sum of debt acknowledged by the commissioner to be paid despite that the sum may be altered by the cause of concession made in the later stages by the commissioner (Sawyer 2014). Hence, the legality of the notice was hardly affected by the commissioners following the change in position on the query of entitlement to input tax credits. On appeal: The court further discovered that the tribunal had not made any error of law in the construction of section 75-5. Under section 75-5 a clear purpose of providing the supplier with the choice of a method of working out the amount of GST payable at the time of making taxable supply of the actual property. This avoids the unfairness of the sum of GST being worked out upon the entire price of supply where no input tax credit is generated on the upstream acquisition (McDaniel 2015). The objective is to provide for the computation of the GST upon the described amount of margin. The section is aimed towards the facultative process of calculation while making the taxable supply. Notice of motion: The first notice of motion is issued to make declaration that any kind of GST payable on Lot 1 to 10 shall not be not be recoverable due to the operation of Section 105-50 of schedule 1 to the TAA. The court was satisfied with the agreement of the commissioner that the notice was inappropriate and must be dismissed since the taxpayer had filed an application of review to the tribunal (Evans et al. 2014). The taxpayer at first reviewed the proceedings in pursuant to section 5 of the administrative decision act 1977 by challenging the decision passed by the tribunal upon the preliminary question under section 105-50. The commissioner filed a notice motion to seek the dismissal of such proceedings (Ma 2015). The court following the review of the scheme in relation to the part 3-10 of chapter 3 under schedule 1 of the TAA pursuant to GST act discovered that the liability to pay arises under the GST act (Lignier et al. 2014). The provision of concerning the notice of assessment functions as notice by the commissioner and the taxpayer should pay to the commissioner on behalf of the commonwealth the net sum of any unpaid GST. The court further stated that it did not found any kind of error ion the tribunals construction. Conclusion: To conclude with it is found that proceeding raised numerous multifaceted issues as all favoured the commissioner. Concerning the margin scheme issue, one can understand the reasoning required by the supplier to make the choice of applying the margin before the supply made. Concerning the going concern issue, the case laid down the evidence that the amount worked out on the approved form constituted the net amount of entity for a period. However, it is difficult to succeed upon the oral evidence and the decision was handed after the federal court had reserved its decision concerning this case. References Evans, C., Hansford, A., Hasseldine, J., Lignier, P., Smulders, S. and Vaillancourt, F., 2014. Small business and tax compliance costs: A cross-country study of managerial benefits and tax concessions.eJournal of Tax Research,12(2), p.453. Lignier, P., Evans, C. and Tran-Nam, B., 2014. Tangled up in tape: The continuing tax compliance plight of the small and medium enterprise business sector. Liu, B., Huang, A. and Freudenberg, B., 2014. The Impact of the GST on Mortgage Pricing of Australian Credit Unions: An Empirical Analysis (Excerpt). Ma, D., 2015 Tax knowledge, tax complexity and tax compliance: Taxpayers view.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,109, pp.1069-1075. Ma, D., 2015. Small business tax compliance burden: what can be done to level the playing field. May, S., 2016. Applying the GST to imported digital products and services: Problems and solutions.Tax Specialist,19(3), p.110. McDaniel, P.R., 2015.FEDERAL WEALTH TRANSFER TAXATION(Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University). Millar, R., 2014. VAT/GST in a Global Digital Economy: Looking Ahead-Potential Solutions and the Framework to Make Them Work. Nguyen, H., 2016. Consumption taxes: Another look at the Henry review and GST recommendations.Tax Specialist,19(3), p.106. Ramli, R., Palil, M.R., Hassan, N.S.A. and Mustapha, A.F., 2015. Compliance costs of goods and services tax (GST) among small and medium enterprises.Jurnal Pengurusan,45, pp.1-15. Sawyer, A.J., 2014. GST Reform: Can New Zealand Offer Constructive Guidance to Inform the Australian Debate?. Tang, Chris. "Australian GST update2015."World Journal of VAT/GST Law5.1 (2016): 32-41. Woellner, Robin, et al.Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press, 2016. Yong, S.E. and Ma, M., 2015. A comparative study of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) implications on real property transactions in Australia and New Zealand.

Sadomasochism A Form Of Deviance Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis

Sadomasochism: A Form Of Deviance SADOMASOCHISM: A Form Of Deviance Sadomasochism is a sexually deviant behavior that is practiced by many people within todays society. It is the combination of two paraphilias, sadism and masochism, which are usually always linked together. An occasional mild or light form of sadomasochism (or Ss sexuality, that is when he or she is considered deviant. Unlike other paraphilias, sadomasochism includes a large population of women as well as men. They are nearly equally balanced in number. A paraphilia known as masochism is characterized by the desire or need to inflict pain and or humiliation, so that sexual arousal and fulfillment may be achieved. The term masochism refers to an Austrian historian and author, Leopold von Sacher-Masoch (1836-1895), who wrote various stories of male submissiveness. These stories consisted of men who received sexual pleasure by having their female partners inflict pain upon them (Ernulf&Innala, p635). A masochist may receive sexual gratification from several different types of pain and or humiliation. Some of these types may include being spanked, being whipped, being made to perform humiliating acts, being rudely insulted, being blindfolded, being disciplined, and being restrained (Rathus, Nevid, where discipline refers to psychological restraining, such as control, training, and nonphysical punishment (Ernulfs hands to choke their partner once consent is given. This practice is dangerous and can possibly even result in a tragic death (Rathus, Nevid, &Fichner-Rathus, p545-546). Masochisms counterpart, sadism, is the complete opposite for many reasons. Sadism is a parphilia, which is characterized by the association of sexual satisfaction with the infliction of pain or humiliation onto others. The term sadism refers to a French author and philosopher, Marquis de Sade (17401814). Marquis de Sade wrote stories of people who became sexually aroused by inflicting pain or humiliation on others. Some of his best known works are Justine (published in 1791) and Juliette (published in 1797). A sadist receives sexual gratification by role-playing. They usually play the authority figure who inflicts pain, humiliates, disciplines, and plays master to another person (Ernulf&Innala, p637). Most sadists hurt and humiliate willing partners who are usually masochists. A small minority of sadists may even attempt to stalk and attack their unwilling victims. This is a very dangerous and harmful to its participants. In fact, Sigmund Freud wrote extensively on sadism. In his res earch, he recognized its existence in the individual and tried to explain it and understand it further. The sexuality of most men, shows an admixture of aggression, of a desire to subdue, the biological significance of which lies in the necessity for overcoming the resistance of the sexual object by actions other than mere courting. Sadism would correspond to an aggressive component of the sexual instinct, which has become independent and exaggerated and has been brought to the foreground by displacement (Freud, p569). Through his works, it is shown that the average person may have sadist tendencies in him, but more often than not it is not a dominating aspect of his personality. When we combine sadism and masochism together, we arrive with the term sadomasochism (more commonly called S&M). S&M is a mutually gratifying sexual interaction between consenting sex partners, in which sexual arousal is associated with the inflicting and receiving of pain or humiliation (Rathus, Nevid, &Fichner-Rathus, p546). Most participants in sadomasochism usually participate on both sides of the spectrum. They often switch roles at different times during certain rituals. Usually, the person who is in a submissive role will play in that role for the remainder of the ritual. Then for the next ritual, he or she might